What is the name of a nineteenth century German philosopher?

His first name is Arthur.

What is the name of a nineteenth century German philosopher?
Schopenhauer
Reply:You're right!





He was born at the end of the 18th century but didn't become a philosopher until the 19th century so let's find out a bit more about his life %26amp; work, shall we?

















Arthur Schopenhauer





Biography %26amp; philosophy





Arthur Schopenhauer was born on February 22 1788 in Danzig then a "Free City" largely established by Germanic traders, now - Gdansk, Poland. When Prussia took Danzig over in 1793, his father, a successful and liberal-minded merchant, moved the family to Hamburg.





In 1809 Schopenhauer enrolled at the University of G枚ttingen where he studied medicine for two years but later studied philosophy at the University of Berlin. He completed his doctorate in philosophy at Jena in 1813.





Following on from this period of formal education he relied on his inherited income to finance a period of private contemplation, study and philosophy writing. From 1814 to 1818 he lived in Dresden where his principal work, The World as Will and Representation, which is also known as The World as Will and Idea, was written. In 1819 it was published - to meet with very little in the way of public acclaim.





After an unsuccessful period of lectureship in Berlin prior to 1831 he settled in Frankfurt am Main, where he led a solitary life and became deeply involved in the study of Buddhist and Hindu philosophies and mysticism where he seems to have found echoes of the approach to philosophy that he was independently working on.





He was also influenced by the ideas of the German Dominican theologian, mystic, and eclectic philosopher Meister Eckhart, the German theosophist and mystic Jakob Boehme, and the scholars of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.





Schopenhauer had suffered a great disappointment circa 1820 as his publication of The World as Will and Idea had fallen flat in terms of a public response - he himself considered that his philosophy explained a great deal!!!


A second edition published, in two volumes, some twenty five years later did not fare much better. This 1844 edition was remarkable in that the first volume was effectively the work of 1819 whilst the second, and larger, volume was a book of commentary.





In the intervening years he had written several works including On the Will in Nature (1836), The Freedom of the Will (1841), and The Foundations of Morality (1841).





Although an Essay on the Freedom of the Will had been recognised through the awardance of a cultural prize in Norway in 1839 he was into his sixties when the publication of his collection of essays Parerga and Paralipomena (i.e. Additions and Omissions - 1851) really brought public attention to his life's work.





Arthur Schopenhauer was seventy-two years of age, and internationally famous, at the time of his death on September 21 1860.





Schopenhauer - philosophy





The World as Will and Idea / Representation








Arthur Schopenhauer believed that Immanuel Kant had either made, or greatly re-inforced, uniquely important breakthroughs in human understanding - these included Kant's division of reality into what was susceptible of being experienced, (the phenomenal), and what was not, (the noumenal).





Schopenhauer was greatly influenced by Kant's key insistence that the forms and frameworks of all possible experience were dependent on the contingent nature of our bodily apparatus, and would have been so whatever that apparatus had been. It follows from this that people are unable to envisage what anything was like independently of being experienced, and therefore that the nature of independent reality must remain a permanently closed book to us, being unconceptualizably and unimaginably different from anything we could apprehend. The Sciences, meanwhile, could be utilised to provide understanding of the Empirical World of time, space, and causally interconnected material objects.





Schopenhauer's principal work, The World as Will and Idea / Representation, is comprised of four books. The first and third treating with the World as Representation (or Idea) and being largely based on Kant, the second and fourth treating with the World as Will which, based on his own speculations, considered the notion that the Will is the key to all existence. The human body and all its parts being the visible expression of the will and its several desires. The teeth, throat, and bowels for example being "objectified" hunger.





Starting from the principle that the will is the inner nature of the body as an appearance in time and space, he concluded that the inner reality of all material appearances is Will. Where Kant had concluded that ultimate reality - the "thing-in-itself" (Ding an sich) - lay beyond being experienced, Schopenhauer postulated that the ultimate reality is one universal will. This will is the inner nature of each experiencing being and assumes in time and space the appearance of the body, which is an idea. Accordingly existence is the expression of an insatiable, pervasive, will generating a world that features such negatives as conflict and suffering, senselessness, and futility as well as many positives. It is the "will to live" that perpetuates this cosmic spectacle.





For Schopenhauer, who is considered to be a pessimistic philosopher, the tragedy of life arises from the nature of the will, which constantly urges the individual toward the satisfaction of successive goals, none of which can provide permanent satisfaction for the infinite activity of the life force, or will.





Such things as an interest in the Arts, and a moral life based on sympathy, tend to alleviate the suffering experienced in people's lives. A more telling alleviation is to be found through the denial, or suspension, of the will through asceticism.

















Hope this answers your question buddy!
Reply:1. Arthur Schopenhauer (this is the German philosopher you are looking for).


2. An additional 19th century famous German philosopher is Friedrich Nietzsche.
Reply:The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), whose pessimistic philosophy was widely known in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States, held that ultimate reality was nothing but senseless striving or will, having no divine origin and no historical end.


Schopenhauer's unhappy relations with his mother finally terminated in open hostility, and he moved to Dresden. By this time the central and simple idea of his philosophy had taken hold in his mind.


The principal source of this idea was his own experience and moods, but the expression of it owed much to the philosophies of Plato and Immanuel Kant and the mystical literature of India. He foresaw that his reflections would eventually lift him above the absurd stresses and conflicts of his life, and he thought that ultimately his writings would usher in a new era not only in philosophy but also in human history. Whereas former philosophies had been parceled into schools and special problems, his own, as he envisaged it, would be a single, simple fabric. The simplest expression of this potent idea is probably the very title of the book he wrote at Dresden, Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Idea). The world is necessarily present to a subject that perceives it; thus the world is "idea" or "representation." Yet the world is not created or constructed by the subject or the mind; its own nature is will, or blind striving. "My body and my will are one," and in the final analysis one person's will is indistinguishable from every other form of willing.
Reply:Well, A. Shoppenhauer is his name.





His books are pretty hard to read, understand...





But he's good.





In fact, he is easier than Kant, for me.








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Reply:Schopenhauer.
Reply:Scargill
Reply:Best guess is Arthur Schopenhauer.
Reply:Schopenhauer